Scientific Articles and References
2025
Addressing the Gaps in the Vitamin B12 Deficiency 2024 NICE Guidelines: Highlighting the Need for Better Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Pernicious Anaemia
Thain, A., Hart, K. & Ahmadi, K.R https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-025-01583-4
A The application and interpretation of laboratory biomarkers for the evaluation of vitamin B12 status
Dominic J Harrington, Emma Stevenson and Agata Sobczy´nska-Malefora https://doi.org/10.1177/00045632241292432
2024
A Brief Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cobalamin (B12) Deficiency
Bruce H. R.Wolffenbuttel, MD, PhD, Andrew McCaddon, MD, PhD, Kourosh R. Ahmadi, PhD, and Ralph Green, MD, PhD https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721241229500
Vitamin B12-Related Biomarkers
Nexo E, Parkner T. doi:10.1177/03795721241227114
A Systematic Review of Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia
Catherine Heidi Seage, PhD, Alexis Bennett, Msc, Nicola Ward, PhD, Lenira Semedo, PhD, Clara H. M. Plattel, Kim I. M. Suijker, Msc, Jolande Y. Vis, PhD,
and Delyth H. James, PhD https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721241227016
Causes and Risk Factors of Vitamin B12 Deficiency at the Bookends of Life, From Infancy to Old Age
Ralph Green, MD, PhD https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721241252503
2023
Examining the Diagnosis and Treatment Experiences of People Living With Autoimmune Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia
Martine Cotton, BA, BHSc, and Andrew McCaddon, MD https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735231151767
Vitamin B12
Wolffenbuttel BH, Owen PJ, Ward M, Green R doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071725.
2022
Research priorities in pernicious anaemia: James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership
Staley K, Ahmadi KR, Carter K, Cowan K, Seage H, Visser P, Ward N, Hooper M. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065166
Pernicious Anemia: The Hematological Presentation of a Multifaceted Disorder Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency.
Esposito G, Dottori L, Pivetta G, Ligato I, Dilaghi E, Lahner E. doi: 10.3390/nu14081672
Patient safety, self-injection, and B12 deficiency: a UK cross-sectional survey
Tyler N, Hodkinson A, Ahlam N, Giles S, Zhou A, Panagioti M. doi: 10.3399/BJGP.2021.0711
2021
Vitamin B12 status in health and disease: a critical review. Diagnosis of deficiency and insufficiency – clinical and laboratory pitfalls
Agata Sobczyńska-Malefora, Edgard Delvin, Andrew McCaddon, Kourosh R. Ahmadi & Dominic J. Harrington DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1885339
Personalising Laboratory Medicine in the ‘Real World’: Assessing Clinical Utility, by Clinical Indication, of Serum Total B12 and Active-B12® (Holotranscobalamin) in the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency.
Murphy, Michael J., et al; Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, Apr. 2021 doi:10.1177/00045632211003605
How Do Patients Receiving Prescribed B12 Injections for the Treatment of PA Perceive Changes in Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A UK-Based Survey Study
Catherine Heidi Seage, PhD, and Lenira Semedo, PhD https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373521998842
2020
Association of vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid, and functional parameters
Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, de Jong WHA, Huls G, van der Klauw MM. Neth J Med. 2020;78(1):10-24.
Relationship between serum B12 concentrations and mortality: experience in NHANES
Wolffenbuttel, B.H.R., Heiner-Fokkema, M.R., Green, R. et al.BMC Med 18, 307 (2020)
The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, van der Klauw MM. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2019;3(2):200-214. Published 2019 May 27. doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002
Pernicious anaemia
Mohamed M, Thio J, Thomas R S, Phillips J. ; BMJ 2020 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1319
Receiving a Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia: Exploring Experiences of Relationships With Health Professionals
Seage CH, Glover E, Mercer J. doi: 10.1177/2374373519883497
2019
Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia: Exploring Experiences of Relationships With Health Professionals.
Seage CH, Glover E, Mercer J. ; Journal of Patient Experience. doi:10.1177/2374373519883497
2018
Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency.
Wang H, Li L, Qin LL, Song Y, Vidal-Alaball J, Liu TH. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004655.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004655.pub3
2017
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Green, R., Allen, L., Bjørke-Monsen, A. et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3, 17040 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.40
Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Luciana Hannibal, Vegard Lysne, Anne-Lise Bjørke-Monsen, Sidney Behringer, Sarah C. Grünert, Ute Spiekerkoetter, Donald W. Jacobsen and Henk J. Blom; Front. Mol. Biosci., 27 June 2016
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027
2015
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency–Methylcobalamine? Cyancobalamine? Hydroxocobalamin?—clearing the
confusion
K. Thakkar, G Billa; European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 1-2 doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.165
2014
Patient journeys: diagnosis and treatment of pernicious anaemia
Martyn Hooper, Peter Hudson, Fiona Porter and Andrew McCaddon British Journal of Nursing, 2014,Vol 23, No 7
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S. BMJ. 2014;349:g5226. Published 2014 Sep 4. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5226
2013
Vitamin B12 deficiency in relation to functional disabilities.
Oberlin BS, Tangney CC, Gustashaw KA, Rasmussen HE. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4462-4475. Published 2013 Nov 12. doi:10.3390/nu5114462
Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Stabler SP. . N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 10 doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1113996
2000-2010
Predictive value of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in late-life depression.
Kim JM, Stewart R, Kim SW, Yang SJ, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192(4):268-274. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039511
Causes and Early Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Herrmann, W; Obeid, R ; Dtsch Arztebl Int 2008 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2008.0680
Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions.
de Lau LM, Smith AD, Refsum H, Johnston C, Breteler MM. ; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Feb doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149286
1980-1999
Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency.
Healton EB, Savage DG, Brust JC, Garrett TJ, Lindenbaum J. Medicine (Baltimore). 1991;70(4):229-245. doi:10.1097/00005792-199107000-00001
Cobalamin Deficiency in General Practice. Assessment of the Diagnostic Utility and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Methylmalonic Acid Determination in Relation to Current Diagnostic Strategies
Hølleland, Geir & Schneede, Jörn & Ueland, Per & Lund, Per & Refsum, Helga & Sandberg, Sverre. ; Clinical chemistry. 45. 189-98 March 1999 DOI:10.1093/clinchem/45.2.189
Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency
SP Stabler, RH Allen, DG Savage, J Lindenbaum; Blood 1990; 76 (5): 871–881. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V76.5.871.871
Neuropsychiatric Disorders Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency in the Absence of Anemia or Macrocytosis
John Lindenbaum, M.D., Edward B. Healton, M.D., David G. Savage, M.D., John C.M. Brust, M.D., Thomas J. Garrett, M.D., Elaine R. Podell, B.A., Paul D. Margell, B.S., Sally P. Stabler, M.D., and Robert H. Allen, M.D. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1720-1728 doi: 10.1056/NEJM198806303182604
History
Nervous and mental manifestations of pre-Pernicious Anemia.
Langdon FW. ; JAMA. 1905;XLV(22):1635–1638. doi:10.1001/jama.1905.52510220021001g
A Review of the nervous and mental aspects of pernicious anaemia
D. McAlpine. The Lancet, Volume 214, Issue 5535, 28 September 1929, Pages 643-647
doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)04242-8
Subacute combined degeneration and pernicious anaemia
J.G. Greenfield, Elizabeth O’Flynn. The Lancet Volume 222, Issue 5732, P62-63, July 08, 1933
doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78539-4
Cerebral Manifestations of Vitamin-B12 Deficiency
J. MacDonald Holmes. Br Med J. 1956 Dec 15; 2(5006): 1394–1398.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5006.1394