Megaloblastic Anaemia

Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of anaemia characterised by the production of abnormally large red blood cells called megaloblasts.

These cells are larger than normal and often have a deformed nucleus. This condition occurs when there is a deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate (vitamin B9).

A diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia will usually be made from a blood test including a blood film which looks at the size and shape of the red blood cells.

Iron deficiency anaemia is another type of anaemia characterised by smaller than normal blood cells.

Both types of anaemia can be treated with suitable medication.

There may be an underlying cause which will result in the return of the megaloblastic anaemia and may need further investigation.

Causes

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency: This can be due to inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption issues (like the autoimmune condition pernicious anaemia), or certain medications.
  • Folate deficiency: This can be caused by inadequate dietary intake, increased folate requirements (such as during pregnancy or rapid growth), or certain medications.
  • Other factors: In some cases, megaloblastic anaemia can be caused by other underlying conditions, such as liver disease or certain inherited disorders.

 Symptoms

  • Fatigue: Due to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
  • Weakness: A common symptom associated with anaemia.
  • Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, especially with exertion.
  • Pale skin: A result of decreased red blood cells.
  • Heart palpitations: Irregular heartbeat.
  • Loss of appetite: A common symptom of anaemia.
  • Sore tongue: A common symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • Nerve damage: In severe cases of vitamin B12 deficiency.

 Treatment

The treatment for megaloblastic anaemia typically involves:

  • Replacing the deficient vitamin: Either vitamin B12 or folate, depending on the underlying cause.
  • Addressing any underlying medical conditions: Such as Pernicious Anaemia, Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome (IGS), selective vitamin B12 (cobalamin) malabsorption with proteinuria or other potential malabsorption issues
  • Monitoring blood count: To ensure the anaemia is improving.

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